All Definition Of Chemistry For Class 10 [A to Z]

All Definition Of Chemistry For Class 10 [A to Z]

Acids: Chemical substances which have sour taste and turn blue litmus to red. 

Alkalis: Bases which are soluble in water.

Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond.

Alkyl Group: The group formed by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkane molecule.

Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are connected to each other by a triple bond.

Allotropy: The property of an element existing in more than one physical form.

Alloy: Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.

Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides which shows basic as well as acidic behaviour.

Anlydrous Salts: Salts which have lost their water of crystallisation.

Anion: Negatively charged ion, formed by gain of one or more electrons by an atom.

Anodising: Process of forming a thick layer of aluminium oxide on an aluminium object by making it anode during the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid.

Antacids: Group of mild bases which react with excess acid and neutralise it.

Anti-oxidants: Substances which prevent oxidation.

Aqua Regia: Freshly prepared mixture of 1 part of concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Atomic Number: The number of protons exist in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Radius: The distance between the centre of nucleus and outermost electron shell of an isolated atom.

Balanced Chemical Equation: A chemical equation having equal number of atoms of different elements in the reactants and products.

Bases: Chemical substances which have bitter taste and turn red litmus to blue.

Bleaching Agent: Substance which removes colour from coloured substances.

Brine:An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, chlorine and hydrogen.

Bromination: The reaction in which hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by bromine.

Calcination: The process in which a carbonate ore is heated strongly in the absence of air to convert it into metal oxide.

Catalyst: Substance which speeds up a chemical reaction and at the end of the reaction, it chemically unchanged.

 

Catenation: The self linking property of carbon atoms to form long chains.

Cation: Positively charged ion, formed by loss of one or more electrons by an atom.

Chemical Bond: The force which links the atoms (or lons) in a molecule.

Chemical Equation: Method to representing a chemical reaction with the help of symbols and formulae.

 

Chemical Reactions: The process in which new substances with new properties are formed.

Chlor-Alkali Process: Process of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

Chlorination: The reaction in which hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by chlorine.

Combination Reactions: Chemical reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance.

Combustion: The process of burning of a carbon compound in air to produce carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.

Concentration: The process of separation of gangue from ores. 

Corrosion: The process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture or a chemical on their surface.

Covalent Bond: Chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

Covalent Compound: Compounds containing covalent bond.

Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Those hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the form of a ring.

Decomposition Reactions: Reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances.

Denatured Alcohol:  The alcohol which is made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine etc.

Detergents: Sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids or long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate.

Dilution: Addition of water to an acid or a base.

Disinfectant: Substance which is used to kill germs.

Displacement Reactions: Chemical reactions in which an element displaces another element from its compound.

Double Displacement Reactions: Reactions in which two different atoms or group of atoms (ions) are exchanged.

Ductility: Property which allows the metals to be drawn into thin wires.

Electric Decomposition: Reactions in which decomposition occurs on passing electricity to the reactant.

Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a lecule.

Endothermic Reaction: The chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed. 

Esterification: The reactants in which a carboxylic acid combines with an alcohol to form an ester.

Exothermic Reaction: The chemical reactions in which heat is evolved.

Flux: Substance which is added to the ore during reduction for removing the non-fusible impurities from it.

Galvanisation: Process of depositing a thin layer of zinc metal on iron objects. 

Gangue: The unwanted impurities of sand and rocky materials present in the ore.

Groups: Vertical columns in the Modern Periodic Table.

Homologous Series: A group of structurally similar compounds, each member of which differs from the preceding or succeeding member by CH2.

Hydrated Salts: Salts which contain water of crystallisation.

Hydrocarbons: The organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrogenation: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon.

Indicators: A special chemical that changes its colour to indicate the presence of a chemical substance.

Ionic Bond: Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Ionic Compounds: Compounds containing ionic bond.

Ions: Electrically charged atoms, formed by the loss or gain of electrons by an atom.

Isomers: Organic compounds having the same molecular formula but having different structural formula.

Isotopes: Elements having similar chemical properties but different masses.

Malleability: Property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin sheets.

Mass Number: The total number of protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus of an atom.

Metalloids: The elements which show the properties of metals as well as non-metals.

Metallurgy: The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use.

Metals: Elements that conduct heat and electricity, are malleable and ductile and are electropositive.

Micelle: A spherical aggregate of soap molecules found in the soap solution in water.

Minerals: Inorganic elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth's crust.

Neutralisation: The reaction in which acids react with bases to form salt and water.

Non-metals: Elements that do not conduct heat and electricity, non-malleable and non-ductile and are electronegative.

Olfactory Indicators: Substances whose odour change in acidic or basic media.

Ores: Minerals from which a metal can be extracted profitably and conveniently.

Oxidation: The reaction in which, there is addition of oxygen to a substance or the removal of hydrogen from a substance.

Oxidising Agent: The substance which gives oxygen or removes hydrogen.

Periods: Horizontal rows in the Modern Periodic Table.

Periodicity: Tendency of recurrence at certain intervals.

Photo Decomposition: Reactions in which decomposition occurs in the presence of sunlight.

PH Scale: Scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in which an insoluble solid is formed that separates from the solution.

Products: The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

Rancidity: A physical state produced by an aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked by unpleasant smell and taste.

Reactants: Substances which combine or react in a chemical reaction.

Reactivity Series: Arrangement of metals in a vertical column in the order of decreasing reactivities.

Redox Reactions: Reactions in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously.

Reducing Agent: The substance which gives hydrogen or removes oxygen in a chemical reaction.

Reduction: The reaction in which hydrogen is added to a substance or oxygen is removed from a substance.

Reduction of Metal: The process of extracting a metal in pure form from its ore.

Refining: Process of purification of impure metals.

Roasting: The process in which a sulphide ore is heated strongly in the presence of air to convert it into metal oxide.

Rusting of iron: The process in which an iron object gets covered with a red-brown flaky substance, when it is left in damp air for a considerable time.

Salts: Compound formed when acids react with bases.

Saponification: The reaction of esters in the presence of a base to give back alcohol and carboxylic acid.

Saturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon in which all the four valencies of carbon are fully satisfied by the formation of only single covalent bonds.

Slag: A readily fusible substance formed by the reaction of impurities present in the ore and the flux. 

Soap:Sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids that has cleansing action in water.

Sonority: Property of producing sound when hit with an object.

Substitution Reaction: The reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms.

Thermal Decomposition: Reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simple substances due to heating.

Thermite Reaction: Reaction between ferric oxide (Fe2,03,) and aluminilim powder.

Triad: Group of three elements having similar properties.

Unbalanced Chemical Equation: A chemical equation having unequal number of atoms of one or more elements in the reactants and products.

Universal Indicator: Mixture of few indicators.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are bonded to each other by double or triple bond.

Valency: The number of electrons lost or gained (or shared) by one atom of an element to achieve the nearest inert gas electron configuration.

Water of Crystallisation: The fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of a salt.

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